TEST IMMUNE 3
1.The first line of defense against infection is _____.
A.the skin and mucous membranes
B.the inflammatory response
C.the immune system
D.antibiotics
E.disinfectants

2.Which of the following cells are part of the nonspecific, second line of defense?
A.cytotoxic T cells
B.B cells
C.Prostaglandins
D.Macrophages
E.thrombocytes

3.What can white blood cells do that assists them in carrying out their defensive functions more effectively?
A.synthesize hemoglobin
B.reabsorb their nuclei and other cell organelles
C.migrate into and out of blood vessels
D.burst to initiate clotting
E.swim against the flow of blood to the site of injury

4.Macrophages and neutrophils defend against pathogens by _____.
A.punching a hole in the plasma membrane of the pathogen, causing the cell to burst
B.consuming the pathogens
C.secreting lysozyme
D.producing antibodies
E.attacking infected body cells

5.The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys a bacterium is called _____.
A.Phagocytosis
B.Pinocytosis
C.Cyclosis
D.Exocytosis
E.endometriosis

6.Following tissue damage or the entry of microorganisms, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the _____.
A.accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area
B.release of interferon by infected cells
C.increased blood flow to an infected or injured area
D.ensuing fever
E.release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells

7.The body's second line of defense against infections is _____.
A.active immunity
B.inflammatory response
C.passive immunity
D.cell-mediated immunity
E.humoral immunity

8.Which one of the following is part of the inflammatory response? (p. 903)
A.constriction of the arterioles
B.division of B and T lymphocytes to produce an army of effector cells
C.dilation of the capillaries
D.massive production of antibodies
E.production of memory cells

9.As an immediate response to injury, injured cells release _____.
A.antibiotics
B.Interleukin
C.histamine
D.adrenaline
E.antihistamine

10.Which of the following is NOT an immediate function of histamine?
A.causing local arterioles to dilate
B. increasing the permeability of local capillaries
C. increasing the systemic blood pressure
D. causing local swelling of the tissue
E. causing local reddening of the tissue

11.Chemicals produced by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cells to prepare a defense are called _____.
A.antibodies
B.interferons
C.interleukins
D.antigens
E.complement proteins

12.A macromolecule produced in the body, which recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body, is a(n) _____.
A.platelet
B.antigen
C.antibody
D.lymphocyte
E.macrophage

13.A substance that causes an immune response is called a(n) _____.
A.Complement
B.interferon
C.histamine
D.antibody
E.antigen

14.If you are allergic to grass pollen, that pollen is a(n) _____.
A.antibody
B.Antigen
C.antihistamine
D.Histamine
E.hormone

15.The immune system is initially capable of mounting responses to particular microorganisms because _____.
A.white blood cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
B.bone marrow cells determine which type of B and T cells to make
C.the body contains an enormous diversity of white blood cells, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor
D.bone marrow cells make different antigen receptors, depending on the invading microorganisms
E.bone marrow cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection

16.T and B cells are types of _____.
A.endocrine cells
B.lymphocytes (leukocytes)
C.platelets
D.complement cells
E.erythrocytes

17.During a secondary immune response _____.
A.selected B cells generate antibody-producing effector B cells called plasma cells
B.the stricken individual may become ill
C.about 10 to 17 days are required from exposure to maximum effector response
D.the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response
E.all of the above

18.The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to a given disease is most like _____.
A.going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you
B.ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without looking at the menu
C.going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits
D.picking out a video that you haven't seen yet
E.selecting a lottery prize-winner by means of a random drawing

19.B lymphocytes _____.
A.attack cells that have been infected by viruses
B. engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses
C. multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph
D. stimulate other lymphocytes
E. produce interleukin-2

20.The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as _____. (Be specific.)
A.an activation sequence
B.parabiosis
C.antigenic determination
D.an autoimmune response
E.clonal selection

21.Which of the following types of cells initiate a secondary immune response?
A.immature white blood cells
B.natural killer cells
C.memory cells
D.effector cells
E. plasma cells

22.When you are immune to a disease _____.
A.antibodies against the disease are constantly circulating in your blood
B.certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly
C.your nonspecific defenses are strengthened
D.B cells are stimulated to quickly engulf invaders
E.antigens are altered so that the invaders can no longer attack your tissues

23.In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?
A. The mice suffered from numerous allergies.
B. The mice never developed cancerous tumors.
C. The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.
D. The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
E. The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response.

24.A group of researchers tested many chemicals and found several that have potential for use in modifying the action of the immune system. Which of the following compounds has the most promise as a drug for inhibiting transplant rejection?
A.compound A13: acts like histamine
B.compound Q6: stimulates cytotoxic T cells
C.compound N98: a potent allergen
D.compound B55: suppresses specific cytotoxic T cells
E.compound M31: stimulates helper T cells

25.When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible.
A.antibodies
B.blood type
C.MHC "fingerprints"
D.leukocytes
E.thymus secretions

26.Which of the following cell types is specifically responsible for humoral immunity?
A.T cells
B.B cells
C.leukocytes
D.natural killer cells
E.lymphocytes

27.HIV attacks a certain type of T cell, thus causing _____.
A.the victim's cells to make antibodies against its own tissues
B.the body to release a flood of antigens
C.a drastic decline in nonspecific defense
D.immunodeficiency
E.an autoimmune response

28.The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions. Why are these regions called variable?
A.They can change their shapes on command to fit different antigens.
B.They change their shapes when they bind to an antigen.
C.Their specific shapes are unimportant.
D.They can be different shapes on different antibody molecules.
E.Their sizes vary considerably from one antibody to another.

29.In terms of classes, antibodies are __________ proteins.
A.structural
B.enzymatic
C.transport
D.immunoglobulin
E.receptor

30.Which of the following is NOT initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens?
A.activation of complement proteins
B.secretion of interferon by infected cells
C.neutralization
D.agglutination
E.precipitation

31.What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells (the effector cells of humoral immunity) do to attack their targets?
A.activate complement to punch holes in them
B.clump cells together so that phagocytes can ingest them
C.cause antigen molecules to settle out of solution
D.attach to antigens and detoxify them
E.all of the above

32.Which of the following is NOT true about antibodies?
A.They are effective only when attached to white blood cells.
B.They will bind to specific antigens.
C.They may clump around viruses to render the virus inactive.
D.They may precipitate antibodies for easier removal by white blood cells.
E.All of the above are true.

33.A vaccine may contain _____.
A.white blood cells that fight infection
B.antibodies that recognize invading microbes
C.inactivated disease-causing microbes
D.a hormone that boosts immunity
E.lymphocyte antigens

34.The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick.
A.passive immunity
B.the primary immune response
C.anaphylactic shock
D.nonspecific defenses
E.inflammation

35.A type of cell that makes immunizations effective is the _____.
A.red blood cell
B.killer T cell
C.killer B cell
D.macrophage
E.memory B cell

36.Puppies and kittens receive passive immunity from mom by which of the following mechanisms?
A.the transfer of her antibodies across the placental barrier
B.the ingestion of a vaccine given at birth
C.the ingestion of colostrum
D.the transfer of her antibodies across the placental barrier and the ingestion of a vaccine given at birth
E.the transfer of her antibodies across the placental barrier and the ingestion of colostrum

37.Passive immunity can be obtained from _____.
A.white blood cells that fight infection
B.an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes
C.a hormone that boosts the immune response
D.an injection of inactivated disease-causing microbes
E.all of these

38.Most individuals infected with HIV _____.
A.die within one week
B.never develop AIDS
C.die from autoimmune reactions
D.suffer from increased sensitivity to foreign antigens
E.die from other infections or cancer